How to file a Tax Court petition

What is a Tax Court petition?

A Tax Court petition is the document that starts a case in the United States Tax Court, an independent federal court that reviews certain IRS decisions. A US Tax Court petition lets you dispute a proposed tax increase without paying it first, which is why the IRS describes the court as a prepayment forum in Publication 3498-A.

The court is not part of the IRS. It hears cases from people and businesses that received a qualifying IRS notice, and many petitioners represent themselves. You can still settle with the IRS after filing, and most cases end that way before any trial.

When can you go to Tax Court?

You can petition the Tax Court only after the IRS sends you a notice that gives you that right. The court lists three kinds of qualifying notices, plus one situation where no notice is needed.

Most people arrive from an audit: a notice of deficiency follows an ignored or disputed 30-day letter. If your case comes from a lien or levy hearing, see the collection due process hearing guide, and for spousal disputes see innocent spouse relief.

What is the Tax Court petition deadline?

The Tax Court petition deadline for a notice of deficiency is the 90th day after the IRS mailed the notice, or the 150th day if the notice is addressed to a person outside the United States. The Tax Court says that by law it cannot extend this time, and continuing to talk with an examiner or Appeals does not pause it.

The IRS normally prints the last day to file on the notice itself. Use that date. As an example, a notice mailed October 1, 2026 has a 90-day deadline of Wednesday, December 30, 2026.

Mailed petitions generally count as timely if they arrive in an envelope with a legible US Postal Service postmark dated within the deadline. Certified or registered mail gives you a receipt proving the mailing date. E-filed petitions must be received in DAWSON by 11:59 pm Eastern time on the last day.

Tax Court petition form and filing fee

The Tax Court petition form is Petition (Simplified Form), Form 2, which you complete with two companion forms. The court publishes all three on its petitioners page.

• Form 2, Petition: identifies the notice, the years and amounts in dispute, and each reason you disagree with the IRS.
• Form 4, Statement of Taxpayer Identification Number: the only document that should show your Social Security number.
• Form 5, Request for Place of Trial: you may choose any trial city the court lists, regardless of your home state.
• A complete copy of the IRS notice, including the explanation of adjustments, with your Social Security number blacked out.
• The $60 filing fee, or an Application for Waiver of Filing Fee with financial information signed under penalty of perjury.

Keep the reasons factual and specific. A line such as "The IRS disallowed $12,000 of business mileage; I have a contemporaneous log and fuel receipts" gives the IRS attorney and the judge something concrete to evaluate.

How to file a petition with the Tax Court: DAWSON or mail

You file through DAWSON, the court's electronic filing and case management system, or on paper by mail or hand delivery. E-filing is usually safer near a deadline because the timestamp is immediate.

1. Create a DAWSON account on the Tax Court website.
2. Start a new case and upload the petition, the IRS notice, Form 4 and Form 5 as prompted.
3. Choose whether you want the small tax case procedure.
4. Pay the $60 fee online, or by check or money order, or submit the fee waiver application.
5. Save the confirmation and docket number; you will need them for every later filing.

To file on paper, mail the documents to the United States Tax Court, 400 Second Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20217-0002. Hand delivery is accepted weekdays from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Eastern time.

Tax Court small case option

A Tax Court small case, called an S case, is a simpler procedure for disputes of $50,000 or less for any one year, counting the deficiency plus additions to tax and penalties. Pretrial and trial steps are less formal, and the judge can consider any relevant evidence.

The catch is finality: if you lose an S case, in whole or in part, you cannot appeal the decision. You can switch a case to or from small case status any time before trial begins, but not after.

What happens after you file?

After the petition is filed, an IRS attorney files an Answer, and the case is normally sent to the IRS Independent Office of Appeals to try to settle before trial, according to Publication 3498-A. You must send a copy of everything you file with the court to the IRS attorney assigned to your case.

If Appeals and you reach agreement, the parties file a decision document and the case ends without trial. If not, the court sets the case on a trial calendar in the city you chose. While the case is pending, the IRS generally cannot assess or collect the disputed deficiency.

Interest keeps running on any tax you end up owing. A payment or deposit during the case stops interest on the amount paid. To understand why the return was picked in the first place, see IRS audit triggers, and for help with representation, a Low Income Taxpayer Clinic can take Tax Court cases for eligible taxpayers. The IRS audit guide maps every step from the first letter to court.